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It's Not What You Can Do for Your Country

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44th Us presidential inauguration

Presidential inauguration of
John F Kennedy
Jfk inauguration.jpg
Date Jan 20, 1961; 61 years ago  (1961-01-20)
Location Usa Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
Organized past Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
Participants John F. Kennedy
35th President of the United States
— Assuming office
Earl Warren
Principal Justice of the United States
— Administering adjuration
Lyndon B. Johnson
37th Vice President of the United States
— Assuming office
Sam Rayburn
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
— Administering oath

← 1957

1963 (boggling) →

The inauguration of John F. Kennedy every bit the 35th president of the United States was held on Friday, Jan twenty, 1961, at the Due east Portico of the U.s.a. Capitol in Washington, D.C. It was the 44th inauguration, marking the commencement of Kennedy's presidency and Lyndon B. Johnson's only term as vice president. Kennedy was assassinated ii years, 306 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency.

Kennedy had narrowly defeated Richard Nixon, the incumbent vice president, in the presidential ballot. He was the first Cosmic to get president, the youngest person elected to the part, and the first U.S. president to have been born in the 20th century.

His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges.[1] This inauguration was the offset in which a poet, Robert Frost, participated in the program.

For this inauguration, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies was chaired by Senator John Sparkman, and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges, and Representatives Sam Rayburn, John Due west. McCormack, and Charles A. Halleck.[ii]

Sinatra countdown ball [edit]

[Sinatra's ball] may accept marked the moment when popular entertainment became an indispensable office of modern politics.

— Todd Due south. Purdum, Vanity Fair, Feb. 2011[three] [four]

Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day, January 19, 1961, considered one of the biggest parties ever held in the history of Washington, D.C.[iii] [4] Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended, and went as far as convincing Broadway theatres to append their shows for the dark to adapt some of their actors attending the gala.[4] With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group, Sinatra hoped to raise $ane.7 1000000 ($14.7 million in today's dollars) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a difficult-fought campaign.[3] [iv] Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts, rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens, and stayed at the Statler-Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern.[iv] Performances and speeches included Fredric March, Sidney Poitier, Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Gene Kelly, Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh, Nib Dana, Milton Berle, Jimmy Durante, Harry Belafonte, and Sinatra himself.

Sammy Davis, Jr., a long-time friend of Sinatra, supporter of the Democratic Political party, and member of the Rat Pack, was asked past John F. Kennedy non to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph,[3] fearing that his interracial spousal relationship to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion, much to Sammy's and Sinatra's dismay.[three] [4] Davis had already postponed his nuptials to Britt until after the election, also at the request of the Kennedy entrada via Sinatra.[5] Davis somewhen switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early on 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating "It was the administrator, [but] we didn't know that until after. Sammy not beingness in that location was a loss."[3]

At the stop of the brawl, Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his back up of the Democratic Political party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign, adding "The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I remember reached culmination tonight."[iv] Jacqueline retired to the White House before the brawl ended at 1:30 am (ET), and John went to a second pre-countdown ball hosted by his father Joseph Kennedy, and would finally return to the White House at effectually iii:30 am.[4]

The countdown nor'easter [edit]

A major wintertime storm occurred the day earlier the inauguration, with temperatures at twenty °F (−7 °C) and snowfall at 1–two inches (2.5–v.1 cm) per hr[six] and a total of 8 inches (20 cm) during the dark,[7] causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration.[half-dozen] [vii] [8] [9]

On inauguration 24-hour interval, January 20, 1961, the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington, virtually canceling the inaugural parade.[6] The U.Due south. Ground forces Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morn earlier the inauguration, and were assisted by more than than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts.[6] This job force employed hundreds of dump trucks, front-cease loaders, sanders, plows, rotaries, and flamethrowers to clear the route.[6] Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the atmospheric condition and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade road forth Pennsylvania Avenue.[half dozen]

The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Aerodrome to less than one-half a mile,[six] preventing former president Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration.[x]

Inauguration proceedings [edit]

View of the extended E Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held. President Kennedy is in the eye delivering his countdown address, with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him.

Earlier proceeding to the Capitol in visitor with outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower, Kennedy went to a morn Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown.[iii] Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes.[eleven] Additional prayers were recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Key Christian Church of Austin, Texas, and a blessing was offered past Rabbi Nelson Glueck. The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes.[eleven] Marian Anderson sang "The Star-Spangled Banner", and a composition by Leonard Bernstein titled "Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy" was played.

The oath of office for vice president was administered by Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson.[12] This marked the beginning time a Business firm speaker administered the adjuration, which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the president pro tempore of the Senate, the outgoing vice president, or a United States senator.[xiii]

Robert Frost, then 86 years onetime,[14] [15] recited his poem "The Gift Outright".[xvi] [17] Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration, suggesting "The Gift Outright",[17] [18] [xix] considered an human activity of gratitude towards Frost for his assistance during the campaign.[xix] Kennedy would later state that he admired the "backbone, the towering skill and daring" of Frost, and adding that "I've never taken the view the earth of politics and the world of poesy are and then far autonomously. I think politicians and poets share at least one thing, and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life."[17] American poet William Meredith would say that the request "focused attending on Kennedy as a homo of culture, equally a man interested in culture."[19]

For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration

The glory of a next Augustan age
Of a power leading from its strength and pride,
Of immature ambition eager to exist tried,
House in our complimentary beliefs without dismay,
In whatsoever game the nations want to play.
A gold age of poetry and ability
Of which this noonday's the beginning hour.

—Closing seven lines from Robert Frost'due south poem
"For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration",
the expanded version of "Dedication".[xx]

Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the anniversary as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested,[15] [19] to the surprise of Kennedy'due south friends.[21] On the forenoon of the inauguration, Frost asked Stewart Udall, Kennedy'southward hereafter Secretary of the Interior, to take his handwritten typhoon type scripted for easier reading, to which Udall obliged.[21]

Once at the presidential podium, withal, the glare of the lord's day and snow prevented him from reading his papers.[17] [22] When Frost started reading, he stumbled on the first 3 lines, squinting at his papers in view of the oversupply and cameras.[17] Vice President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade, still Frost waved the offer aside, took the hat and jokingly said "I'll assist you with that", sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy. Agreement the immediacy of the state of affairs, Frost stated to the microphones that "this [the verse form] was to have been a preface to a verse form which I do not take to read",[18] and began to recite "The Gift Outright" from retention.[15] [17] [22] This marks the first time a poem was read at a presidential inauguration, a feature repeated past future presidents Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden at their respective ceremonies.[14] [23] [24] [25]

Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered "Dedication" poem to Udall after the ceremony, who eventually donated the certificate to the Library of Congress where it is stored today.[21] The original manuscript version, personally dedicated by Frost, was provided to the president and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.[20] [26] Kennedy's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version, writing on the dorsum of the frame: For Jack. First matter I had framed to be put in your office. Get-go thing to exist hung at that place. [twenty] [26] Frost officially presented the poem, retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines, to Kennedy in March 1962.[17] The unread poem (published in 1962 as role of Frost'south In the Clearing poesy collection) was finally recited at the U.South. Capitol by Clergyman Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy's inauguration.[15]

Adjuration of office [edit]

The oath of office of the president was administered to Kennedy by Main Justice Earl Warren using a airtight family Bible at 12:51 (ET) although he officially became president at the stroke of apex.[12] [27] [28] [29] [xxx] Kennedy did not clothing an overcoat when taking the oath of role and delivering the inaugural address, despite the common cold conditions of 22 °F (−half dozen °C) with windchill at 7 °F (−fourteen °C) at noon.[6] [7] [31]

Inaugural address [edit]

Video of John F. Kennedy existence sworn in as thirty-fifth president of the United states of america, and delivering his inaugural address.

Immediately afterward reciting the oath of office, President Kennedy turned to accost the crowd gathered at the Capitol. His 1366-word[32] inaugural address, the first delivered to a televised audience in colour,[fourteen] is considered one of the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history.[33] [35]

Let the discussion go along from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by state of war, disciplined by a hard and biting peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the boring undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at abode and around the globe.[36]

And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country tin do for you—ask what yous can do for your country.[36]

Drafting [edit]

The voice communication was crafted past Kennedy and his speech author Ted Sorensen. Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address as well equally other inaugural speeches.[37] [38] Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech communication in late November 1960. He took suggestions from various friends, aides and counselors, including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations. Kennedy so made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions.[39] Kennedy included in his voice communication several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and by the one-time Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II. Kennedy's line "Let us never negotiate out of fear. But permit u.s. never fear to negotiate." is nearly identical to Galbraith's suggestion "We shall never negotiate out of fear. But nosotros shall never fright to negotiate." Stevenson'south proffer "if the gratuitous manner of life doesn't aid the many poor of this earth it will never salve the few rich." was the ground for Kennedy's line "If a free society cannot aid the many who are poor, information technology cannot save the few who are rich."[40]

Main ideas of the spoken communication [edit]

Kennedy came into ability at the height of the Cold War with the hard goals of maintaining peaceful international relations and representing the United States equally a potent global force. These themes dominated his inaugural accost. Kennedy highlighted the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power and the accelerating arms race, making the indicate that a focus on firepower should exist replaced with a focus on international relations and helping the impoverished of the globe.[41] According to speechwriter Ted Sorensen, the most important sentence in the speech, expressing the core of Kennedy'southward policy, was: "For only when our artillery are sufficient beyond doubt can nosotros be sure across doubt that they will never be employed."[42] Sorensen revealed in 2007 that John F. Kennedy had five objectives in listen with his speech communication, all of which, according to Sorensen, were accomplished.[43] Sorensen called Kennedy's oral communication "wise and courageous" and ended: "Kennedy's inaugural accost was world-changing, heralding the commencement of a new American administration and foreign policy determined upon a peaceful victory in the west's long cold war struggle with the Soviet Spousal relationship over the globe'southward future management. [...] Information technology was a statement of core values - his and the nation's at that fourth dimension - that he very much believed needed to be conveyed."[43]

Rhetorical elements [edit]

The main focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to ane theme—the relationship between duty and ability.[44] This is emphasized by Kennedy'southward stiff utilise of juxtaposition in the offset part of the speech communication. For case, he states in the second passage, "... Homo holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of man poverty and all forms of human life," a articulate calling-out of not just America, but also other nations of power for skewed Cold War priorities. He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says, "United in that location is little we cannot exercise in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided in that location is little nosotros tin can practise," again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values.[45] Again, after exhorting "both sides" to activity, he calls on all of "us" "to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of homo: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself,"[46] though the phrase "long twilight struggle" came to be associated with the cold war struggle confronting communism.[47]

I of the main components of classical rhetoric; kairos—which means to say or do any is fitting in a given situation, and is the manner with which the orator clothes the proof, besides as to prepon (the appropriate)—which means what is said must adapt to both audience and occasion, are also extremely prevalent in this address.[48] Recognizing the fear and feet prevalent in the American people since the kickoff of the Cold War, Kennedy geared his voice communication to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort. He does this past quickly moving the time of the voice communication into the future, and invokes repetition of the phrase "Let both sides ..." to insinuate to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also appealing to the stop goal of international unity. He besides phrases negative ideas in a mode so as to present them as opportunities—a challenge, appealing to innately American ideals. A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage, where he states, "In the long history of the globe, only a few generations take been granted the role of defending liberty in its hour of maximum danger," a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them.

It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, "enquire non what your country can do for you, enquire what you lot tin practice for your country." This use of antimetabole can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech—a telephone call to activity for the public to do what is correct for the greater adept. (This appears to be an elegant rephrasing of Franklin D. Roosevelt's acceptance speech at the 1936 Democratic National Convention: "To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected. This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny.") [49]

Invited guests [edit]

Along with official presidential guests and honorees, including onetime presidents, vice presidents, cabinet members, and other Washington officials, the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts, including Carl Sandburg, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, Brendan Behan, Mark Rothko, and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland.[three]

Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston man of affairs George Kara:[3]

O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said, "Years from now, historians will wonder what was on the young human's mind as he strode to accept his adjuration of office. I bet he's asking himself how George Kara got such a expert seat." That night, O'Neill and his married woman danced over to the president's box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him, and sure plenty, Kennedy asked, "Was that George Kara sitting abreast you?" O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said, and J.F.K replied, "Tip, you'll never believe it. I had my left hand on the Bible and my right mitt in the air, and I was nigh to accept the oath of function, and I said to myself, 'How the hell did Kara get that seat?'"

Presidents and first ladies [edit]

Five offset ladies, Edith Wilson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Bess Truman, Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the result, as did future first ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, and Betty Ford.

Former president Harry Southward Truman joined presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform, as did future presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard One thousand. Nixon and Gerald Ford, making this, retroactively, the largest conclave of the "presidential fraternity" prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s.

Parade to the White House [edit]

A vast parade along Pennsylvania Artery followed the inauguration ceremony, bearing the new president from Capitol Plaza to the White House. Upon his arrival, Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former president Harry Truman and quondam first ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt. Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers likewise watched the procession; it took iii hours to laissez passer by. Sixteen thousand members of the U.s. armed services marched with displays of modern weaponry similar the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B-seventy bomber. A further xvi chiliad marchers were civilians ranging from federal and country officials to high school bands and Male child Scouts, accompanied by xl floats.[50]

Impact [edit]

Kennedy's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States. Kennedy was the offset Catholic inaugurated as commander-in-chief.[51] At the inauguration, Kennedy, and so 43, was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time, Eisenhower.[52] [53] [54] The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower's presence to Kennedy's was noticeable at the inauguration.[31] [55] In addition, Kennedy was the first person built-in in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as president.[56]

The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration, and so single-handedly killed the men's hat industry,[57] [58] [59] is false.[59] [60] Kennedy wore a top lid to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening, removing it merely to be sworn in and give his accost. He in fact restored the tradition, after Eisenhower broke with information technology by wearing a homburg instead of a summit lid to both of his inaugurations.[59] Johnson, at his inauguration in 1965, was the outset president to go completely hatless.[59] [60]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Bragdon, Henry West. (1998). History of a Free Nation. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Colina. [ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]
  2. ^ "44TH INAUGURAL CEREMONIES". United States Senate. Retrieved June fifteen, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f grand h i Purdum, Todd (February 2011). "From That Day Along". Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011-01-18 .
  4. ^ a b c d e f k h Doyle, Jack (21 Baronial 2011). "The Jack Pack, Pt. 2: 1961–2008". PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved xvi February 2014.
  5. ^ Jacobs, George; Stadiem, William (2003). Mr. S.: The Last Give-and-take on Frank Sinatra. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-051516-iii.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Jason Samenow (January 9, 2009). "Inauguration Weather: The Instance of Kennedy". The Washington Mail . Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c "Presidential Inaugural Weather condition: Worst Traffic Jam - 1961". U.South. National Atmospheric condition Service . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  8. ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini (2004). Northeast Snowstorms. American Meteorological Society. p. 400. ISBN1-878220-64-0.
  9. ^ Andrea Rock (February ten, 2010). "Record Falls With Snow in Washington, DC". AOL News. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  10. ^ National Atmospheric condition Service Sterling, VA. "Presidential Inaugural Weather". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Newdow 5. Bush-league, 391 F. Supp. 2d 95 (D.D.C. 2005), Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy" (PDF). U.s.a. Commune Court, District of Columbia. 17 December 2004. p. two of Appendix, footnote 26. No. Civ.A.04-2208(JDB). Retrieved 2014-02-11 .
  12. ^ a b "President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 2009-01-21 .
  13. ^ "Inaugurals of Presidents of the United states of america: Some Precedents and Notable Events". Library of Congress, citing Roll Phone call article of eighteen January 1961 . Retrieved fifteen February 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Wolly, Brian (17 December 2008). "History & Archaeology: Inaugural Firsts – When was the first inaugural parade? Who had the longest countdown address? A await at presidential inaugurations through time". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 Jan 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d Wirzbicki, Alan (11 January 2011). "The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy's inauguration". Boston.com. Boston Globe. Retrieved xi February 2014.
  16. ^ Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001). The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0313294648
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Associated Press (thirty Jan 1963). "Robert Frost Dies at 88; Kennedy Leads in Tribute". New York Times . Retrieved 11 Feb 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Robert Frost Adds Poet's Touch". The New York Times. 21 January 1961.
  19. ^ a b c d "Poetry and Power: Robert Frost'southward Inaugural Reading". Poets.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  20. ^ a b c Camia, Catalina (26 September 2010). "Why poet Frost made a last-minute switch at JFK'south inauguration". USA Today . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  21. ^ a b c Birney, Alice. "Stewart Fifty. Udall Collection: Robert Frost's Dedication". Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  22. ^ a b "The Poetry of Robert Frost". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  23. ^ Michael East. Ruane (2008-12-17). "Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry". Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-01-fifteen .
  24. ^ Rosenthal, Harry (20 Jan 1997). "Poet Addresses Inaugural Effect". Washington Post . Retrieved xi February 2014.
  25. ^ Alter, Alexandra. "Amanda Gorman Captures the Moment, in Verse".
  26. ^ a b "Robert Frost's Original Poem for JFK's Inauguration Finds Style to Kennedy Presidential Library". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. JFKPOF-140-045. Retrieved January viii, 2008.
  27. ^ "John F. Kennedy and Republic of ireland – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved August thirty, 2010.
  28. ^ New York Times, January 21, 1961, p. 8, col. 1.
  29. ^ "White Business firm Diaries". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
  30. ^ "Kennedy Was in Part Despite Delay in Oath". The New York Times. January 21, 1961. p. 13.
  31. ^ a b "Kennedy's Words, Obama'southward Challenge". The New York Times. January nineteen, 2009.
  32. ^ Peters, Gerhard (ed.). "Inaugural Addresses (including length in words) Washington – Trump". University of California, Santa Barbara: The American Presidency Project. Retrieved Oct 17, 2018.
  33. ^ Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. "Countdown Accost". American Rhetoric. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  34. ^ Wyatt, Edward (10 May 2005). "Two Authors Ask Almost 'Inquire Not'". New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  35. ^ "Greatest speeches of the 20th century". The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  36. ^ a b "John F. Kennedy Quotations: President Kennedy's Countdown Address, January 20, 1961". Boston Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  37. ^ JFK Library. "Analyzing the Countdown Address" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  38. ^ Theodore C. Sorensen (October 2008). "Ted Sorensen on Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Words". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February thirteen, 2022. Abraham Lincoln, the greatest American president, was also in my view the best of all presidential speechwriters. As a youngster in Lincoln, Nebraska, I stood before the statue of the president gracing the w side of the towering state capitol and soaked up the words of his Gettysburg Address, inscribed on a granite slab behind the statue. Two decades later, in January 1961, President-elect John F. Kennedy asked me to study those words again, in preparing to help him write his inaugural address. He too asked me to read all previous 20th-century inaugural addresses. I did non learn much from those speeches (except for FDR'south first inaugural), but I learned a great deal from Lincoln'south x sentences.
  39. ^ National Archives and Records Assistants. "John F. Kennedy'southward inaugural address, 1961". Retrieved January 29, 2008.
  40. ^ "Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Countdown Accost" (PDF). Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  41. ^ "John F. Kennedy Countdown Accost". Bartleby.
  42. ^ Talbot, David (May viii, 2007). Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years. London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. 38–39. ISBN9781847395856. Looking dorsum, Ted Sorensen, Kennedy'southward essential collaborator, saw nothing contradictory about the inaugural address. Information technology embodied, he said, Kennedy's primal philosophy of peace through strength. "The line in the inaugural address that is the most important is not 'Ask not what your land can do for you.' It's 'For only when our arms are sufficient beyond incertitude that can we be certain across doubtfulness that they will never be employed.' That was the Kennedy policy in a nutshell. He wasn't for unilaterial disarmament-on the reverse, he wanted to build an overwhelming nuclear advantage, so we'd never have to employ them, the Soviets would never dare to claiming us."
  43. ^ a b Ted Sorensen (April 22, 2007). "Great speeches of the 20th century: The Kennedys. Ted Sorenson: JFK's countdown address was globe-irresolute". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August fifteen, 2021.
  44. ^ "The Timeless Speech: A Close Textual Assay of John F. Kennedy's Countdown". Biane.
  45. ^ "Text Analysis, John F. Kennedy, 1961." Cruz.
  46. ^ Thurston Clarke (2010). Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. Penguin. p. 39. ISBN978-1101478059.
  47. ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz (1994). "Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The U.s. and Western Europe in the 1960s". In Diane B. Kunz (ed.). The Affairs of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s. Columbia University Press. p. 115. ISBN978-0231081771.
  48. ^ "Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric." Poulakos. Philosophy and Rhetoric 16(1983):35–48.
  49. ^ "Acceptance Speech for the Renomination for the Presidency, Philadelphia, Pa". presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-04 .
  50. ^ "Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President". The Terre Haute Tribune. Terre Haute, IN. UPI. Jan xx, 1961. Retrieved December 10, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  51. ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. "The Presidents of the United States of America: John F. Kennedy". WhiteHouse.gov. White House Historical Clan. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  52. ^ "Reagan Now Oldest President". The New York Times. Reuters. May 17, 1981. p. 28.
  53. ^ Lawrence, W.H. (January 21, 1961). "Kennedy Sworn in, Asks 'Global Alliance' Against Tyranny, Want, Disease, and State of war; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address". The New York Times. p. 1.
  54. ^ Business Insider. "Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in Us history". Business Insider . Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  55. ^ Brooks, David (14 March 2011). "The Ike Phase". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  56. ^ Crouch, Ian (twenty January 2011). "Robert Frost and J.F.K., Fifty Years Later on". The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  57. ^ Robert Krulwich (four May 2012). "Who Killed Men'due south Hats? Think Of A Three Letter of the alphabet Discussion Beginning With 'I'". NPR. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  58. ^ Sam Parker (19 November 2013). "How to habiliment a lid and look skillful". Esquire . Retrieved xvi August 2015.
  59. ^ a b c d "Hat Trick". Snopes. 27 September 2007. Retrieved xvi August 2015.
  60. ^ a b "Countdown Traditions: Dude, Where's My Top Lid?". ABC News. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2015.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Clarke, Thurston Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004. ISBN 0-8050-7213-6.
  • Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy's Inaugural Address. United States Department of Pedagogy and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.

External links [edit]

  • John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
  • Library of Congress, John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration
  • President Kennedy 1961 Countdown Accost (with audio) on YouTube
  • As delivered text of Kennedy's Inaugural Accost
  • Audio of Kennedy'southward Inaugural Accost

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy

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